Abstract
The materials for additive manufacturing (AM) technology have grown substantially over the last few years to fulfill industrial needs. Despite that, the use of bio-based composites for improved mechanical properties and biodegradation is still not fully explored. This limits the universal expansion of AM-fabricated products due to the incompatibility of the products made from petroleum-derived resources. The development of naturally-derived polymers for AM materials is promising with the increasing number of studies in recent years owing to their biodegradation and biocompatibility. Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer that possesses many favorable properties to be incorporated into AM materials, which have been continuously focused on in recent years. This critical review discusses the development of AM technologies and materials, cellulose-based polymers, cellulose-based three-dimensional (3D) printing filaments, liquid deposition modeling of cellulose, and four-dimensional (4D) printing of cellulose-based materials. Cellulose-based AM material applications and the limitations with future developments are also reviewed.
Highlights
The world population increases by 227,400 people a day, and this situation increases the burden on the earth as the world population is expected to reach 10.74 billion by 2100, which can be extremely detrimental from an environmental perspective [1]
Biodegradable plastics and composites manufactured from renewable resources such as biomass are considered as the future materials that could replace polymers that are currently produced from petrochemical feedstock [7]
The composites that were processed as filaments demonstrated the best thermal and mechanical properties compared to compression and 3D printing owing to better surface grafting of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and compatibility in the polymer matrix
Summary
The world population increases by 227,400 people a day, and this situation increases the burden on the earth as the world population is expected to reach 10.74 billion by 2100, which can be extremely detrimental from an environmental perspective [1]. Sustainable plastic materials should be produced from renewable resources without damaging the environment, recycled, and biodegradable under certain environmental conditions with low energy consumption [6]. Biodegradable plastics and composites manufactured from renewable resources such as biomass are considered as the future materials that could replace polymers that are currently produced from petrochemical feedstock [7]. Many studies have been carried out on cellulose as it is one of the most sustainable and renewable materials with novel applications to improve certain products. AM of cellulose-based materials is a promising option due to the renewable source and low cost of extraction with lower environmental degradation. In this manuscript, cellulose-based three-dimensional (3D) printing and four-dimensional (4D). The limitations and future trends of cellulose-based AM materials are provided
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