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Abstract
Present investigation deals with the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> L. through simple and eco-friendly method and validation the capacity of nanoparticles to inhibit the virulence gene expression in <i>Candida albicans</i>. The nanoparticles thus obtained from <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> L. have been analysed and characterised by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The average diameter of the AgNPs, whose morphology has been determined by SEM, was found to be 9.58 to 72.69 nm. The UV-vis spectrophotometer show peak located of silver nanoparticles at 340 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis also showed functional structure and pattern of silver nanoparticles. The FT-IR spectra indicated the role of different functional groups of reducing agent and silver nanoparticles. AgNPs at concentrations of 15 and 25% significantly downed expression of <i>Sap1, LIP1</i> and <i>Kex2</i>, but had no effect on the expression of <i>CDR1</i> gene. The findings of current study showed that tomato extract could be used as a green chemistry approach to produce AgNPs. It downed expression of <i>Sap1, LIP1</i> and <i>Kex2</i> genes, whereas had no effect on the expression of <i>CDR1</i> gene, that it appears needs higher concentrations of AgNPs to inhibit its gene expression.
Highlights
The human pathogen C. albicans is the fourth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections
It was reported that plants extracts contain biomolecules including polyphenols, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids, alcoholic compounds, polysaccharides, saponins, β-phenylethylamines, glucose and fructose, and proteins/enzymes which could be used as reductant to react with silver ions and used as scaffolds to direct the formation of AgNPs in the solution [26]
Copy number of mRNAs reflecting its higher expression. These results showed a decrease in the expression of SAP1 gene due to the damage caused by AgNPs on the genetic content
Summary
The human pathogen C. albicans is the fourth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections. This pathogen has been associated with a high mortality rate, it is described as a harmless commensal of the normal human microflora residing on both skin and mucosal surfaces. Approximately 5 million fungal species have been classified, of which an estimated 300 are capable of establishing disease within a mammalian host [1]. Amongst these Candida pathogens, C. albicans is the species mostly common associated with human infection [2]. The pathogenicity of the Candida species is attributed to critical virulence factors, such as cellular morphogenesis, cellsurface adhesion, phenotypic switching, biofilm formation, antifungal drug resistance, and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes such as secreted aspartyl proteases (SAP) and phospholipases and lipase enzymes [5]
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