Exploring the synergy of nanomaterials and microbial cell factories during biohydrogen and biobutanol production from different carbon sources

Abstract

The escalating environmental concerns and burgeoning energy crises, coupled with the desire to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 to avert potential climate change disaster, highlight the urgent need for sustainable production methods, and innovative technological advancements. Microbial fermentation plays a pivotal role in the pursuit of sustainable production of biofuels and chemicals with properties similar to those of fossil-derived fuels and chemicals. Biofuels, such as biohydrogen and biobutanol derived from renewable sources, offer a promising, cost-effective, and eco-friendly solution for mitigating long-term carbon footprint. Currently, there is a surge of interest in biohydrogen (bioH2) and biobutanol production through dark fermentation using diverse biomass feedstocks, due to its capacity to simultaneously generate gas and liquid fuels from renewable nonfood resources. Furthermore, the incorporation of nanoparticles in fermentation process has demonstrated considerable potential in enhancing bioH2 yields. Similarly, biobutanol emerges as an eco-friendly, less polluting, and potentially commercially viable substitute for conventional gasoline. This review emphasizes the diverse spectrum of nanoparticle applications in biomanufacturing, with a particular focus on their role in enhancing microbial activities to boost bioH2 and biobutanol yields. Additionally, the review highlights potential underlying mechanisms of nano-catalyzed fermentation pathways, future trends, and the prospects of nano-catalysts in advancing biofuel technology.