Abstract
We provide a global overview of the intestinal bacteriome of Litopenaeus vannamei in two rearing systems and after an oral challenge by the White spot syndrome virus (WSSV). By using a high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology, we identified and compared the composition and abundance of bacterial communities from the midgut of shrimp reared in the super-intensive biofloc technology (BFT) and clear seawater system (CWS). The predominant bacterial group belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria, followed by the phyla Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. Within Proteobacteria, the family Vibrionaceae, which includes opportunistic shrimp pathogens, was more abundant in CWS than in BFT-reared shrimp. Whereas the families Rhodobacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae accounted for almost 20% of the bacterial communities of shrimp cultured in BFT, they corresponded to less than 3% in CWS-reared animals. Interestingly, the WSSV challenge dramatically changed the bacterial communities in terms of composition and abundance in comparison to its related unchallenged group. Proteobacteria remained the dominant phylum. Vibrionaceae was the most affected in BFT-reared shrimp (from 11.35 to 20.80%). By contrast, in CWS-reared animals the abundance of this family decreased from 68.23 to 23.38%. Our results provide new evidence on the influence of both abiotic and biotic factors on the gut bacteriome of aquatic species of commercial interest.
Highlights
Over the past twenty years, the shrimp industry has faced critical challenges related to environmental issues and infectious diseases caused by viruses and bacteria [1,2]
In L. vannamei, White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge apparently led to a more homogeneous distribution of bacterial population composition, as Rhodobacteraceae, Enterobacteraceae, and Vibrionaceae, in the midgut of shrimp reared in both culture systems, biofloc technology (BFT), and clear seawater (Figure 4)
The bacterial composition of L. vannamei midgut was affected by the WSSV challenge
Summary
Over the past twenty years, the shrimp industry has faced critical challenges related to environmental issues (scarce water quality) and infectious diseases caused by viruses and bacteria [1,2]. WSS is caused by the White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), whereas the AHPND is an emerging bacteriosis caused by virulent strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi [3,4,5] Both infections have been causing global losses to the shrimp farming industry, which call for the efforts of both researchers and farmers toward the development of strategies to prevent disease outbreaks. Among on-shrimp farm biosecurity practices, the BioFloc super-intensive Technology (BFT) has emerged as a promising alternative culture system This system is based on the principle of waste nutrients recycling, where animals are stocked at high densities (minimum of 300 g of biomass per square meter) and little or no water exchange is performed [8,9]. The mechanisms underlying shrimp robustness are not yet understood, a continuous immunostimulation condition is rather expected considering the abundance of microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) present in BFT systems [14,15]
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