Exploring the Hepato-Renal Impact of Lead Acetate and in Combination with Defatted Moringa oleifera Seed Meal in Wistar Rats

Abstract

Lead acetate is recognized for its hepatorenal toxicity, causing harm to the liver and kidneys upon exposure through air, water, or food, thus, leading to severe health issues. Defatted Moringa oleifera seed meal (DMOSM) is valued for its health benefits by offering a protein-rich supplement with antioxidant properties, and serving as a sustainable source of plant-based protein. In this study, the impact of lead acetate exposure and the potential protective effects conferred by DMOSM in male Wistar rats were assessed. The rats were divided into five groups: negative control (Group I), lead acetate exposure (Group II), lead acetate with DMOSM (Group III), sequential lead acetate and DMOSM treatment (Group IV), and DMOSM only (Group V). Serum biochemical parameters were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Results revealed that, at 7 days, lead exposure and DMOSM led to slightly lower total protein. Group II exhibited significantly lower albumin levels, suggesting early liver dysfunction, while urea and creatinine variations indicated a potential renal stress. By 14 days, there was elevated total protein in the leadexposed groups, while DMOSM showed potential hepatoprotective effects, evidenced by significantly lower ALT activity in Group III. At 21 and 28 days, persistent or worsening liver dysfunction was observed in lead-exposed groups, while DMOSM demonstrated protective effects, especially in liver enzymes and renal markers. These findings highlight the complex interplay between lead toxicity and DMOSM-mediated protection. Thus, there is need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential of DMOSM.