Abstract
Laurel is a medicinally important plant and is known to the world for its essential oil. Turkey is the main market in the laurel leaf trade by sharing about 90% of the world trade. Here we made an effort to elucidate genetic diversity and population structure of 94 Turkish laurel genotypes collected from 26 provinces and four geographical regions using inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon markers. A total of 13 most polymorphic primers were selected which yielded 195 total bands, of which 84.10% were found polymorphic. Mean polymorphism information content (PIC) was (0.361) and diversity indices including mean effective number of alleles (1.36), mean Shannon’s information index (0.35) and overall gene diversity (0.22) revealed the existence of sufficient amount of genetic diversity in the studied plant material. Most diversity was found in genotypes collected from the Mediterranean region. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the variation (85%) in Turkish laurel germplasm is due to differences within populations. Model-based structure, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and neighbor-joining algorithms were found in agreement and clustered the studied germplasm according to their collection provinces and regions. This is a very first study exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of laurel germplasm using iPBS-retrotransposon marker system. We believe that information provided in this work will be helpful for the scientific community to take more interest in this forgotten but the medicinally important plant.
Highlights
There is an estimation that the current loss of plant species is between 100 and 1000 times more than the expected natural extinction rate [1] and it is believed that an increase in genetic erosion willAgronomy 2019, 9, 647; doi:10.3390/agronomy9100647 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomyAgronomy 2019, 9, 647 be observed during the upcoming years
IPBS2232 and iPBS2295 resulted minimum (11) numbers of total bands. iPBS2402 was found much informative because all 14 bands were found polymorphic and iPBS2295 was found least informative by producing minimum (8) number of polymorphic bands
We came to know that inter-primer binding site (iPBS)-retrotransposon markers are (IRAP) [44], random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat more informative as compared to other molecular marker systems, like inter-retrotransposon(ISSR) [45] and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) [46] and can be suggested for any amplified polymorphism (IRAP) [44], random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter crop to elucidate genetic diversity
Summary
There is an estimation that the current loss of plant species is between 100 and 1000 times more than the expected natural extinction rate [1] and it is believed that an increase in genetic erosion willAgronomy 2019, 9, 647; doi:10.3390/agronomy9100647 www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomyAgronomy 2019, 9, 647 be observed during the upcoming years. Gene banks comprise of plant germplasm in the form of seed collection, nursery, pollen and in vitro [5]. These gene banks are important by reflecting the genetic diversity of cultivated and wild relatives of various crops having unique phenotypic and genotypic characteristics [6]. Characterization of these genetic resources is one of the important alternatives for the scientific community to deal with the several challenges like food scarcity, various biotic and abiotic stresses through the investigation of genetic diversity [7,8]
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