Exploring perceptions of factors aiding the development of critical thinking in adult dysphagia: A study among fourth-year speech-language pathology students.

Abstract

The assessment and management of adult dysphagia in South Africa is complex as appropriate intervention requires a balance of theoretical knowledge and critical thinking to ensure service delivery is appropriate within a resource-constrained health care system. Critical thinking involves the skilful evaluation of information to make informed decisions for effective assessment and intervention. It is imperative for Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) to cultivate these skills from an early stage in their careers. This study therefore aims to investigate the factors perceived to enhance critical thinking to shed light on how students transition theory into clinical decision-making. This is vital to inform future practice in the realm of dysphagia and to enhance Speech Therapy education. A qualitative research design was utilised to identify what facilitators assist SLP students to develop critical thinking skills in adult dysphagia. Data were gathered from students across three universities. Fifteen participants answered a self-developed online survey, and of those, four participated in a follow-up focus group. The data were analysed using a top-down approach and reflexive thematic analysis. The results revealed that viewing videos on instrumental assessment measures, case studies and peer learning were perceived to expand critical thinking theoretically. Similarly, critical thinking was best supported in clinical contexts, which provided opportunities to observe expert clinicians at the bedside, obtain individual feedback and access supervision. The findings yielded recommendations for clinical educators involved in dysphagia training. This is necessary to better prepare SLP students to provide contextually relevant and responsive dysphagia services.