Exploring Mechanisms of Biofilm Removal.

Karan Sahni,Fatemeh Khashai

doi:10.4172/2161-1122.1000371

Karan Sahni, Fatemeh Khashai

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1122.1000371

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Abstract

ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a novel anti-plaque formulation on oral biofilm removal. Specific aim was to elucidate the role of 2 potentially complementary mechanisms on dental biofilm removal using EPIEN Dental Debriding Solution (EDDS) like desiccating action leading to denaturation and destabilization of plaque and mechanical removal of destabilized plaque through forceful rinsing actionMaterials and Methods25 extracted teeth, after routine debriding and cleaning, underwent standard biofilm incubation model over 4 days. Then samples were randomly divided into 5 groups of 5 teeth each, treated and stained with GUM®Red-Cote® plaque disclosing solution and imaged. Samples were subsequently treated with HYBENX® Oral Decontaminant. Group 1 samples were treated with a standardized “static” water dip exposure following biofilm incubation. Samples in Group 2 were given a standardized “dynamic” exposure to a dental high pressure air/water syringe for 20 s. Group 3 samples were exposed to a standardized “static” application of test agent (30 s dip rinse) followed by a standardized “static” water rinse (30 s dip rinse). Samples in Group 4 were given both the standardized “static” application of test formulation followed by the standardized “dynamic” exposure to a dental high pressure air/water syringe. Finally, samples in Group 5 were treated with a standardized “dynamic” application of test agent (20 s high pressure syringe at 10 ml/s) followed by the standardized “dynamic” exposure to a dental high pressure air/water syringe.ResultsThe MPM images demonstrated that the water dip treatment resulted in the persistence of an almost continuous thick layer of biofilm coverage on the tooth surface. Similarly, test agent dip treatment followed by water dip only removed a few patches of biofilm, with the majority of the tooth surface remaining covered by an otherwise continuous layer of biofilm. Samples exposed to air/water spray alone showed some disruption of the biofilm, leaving residual patches of biofilm that varied considerably in size. Test agent dip treatment followed by air/water spray broke up the continuous layer of biofilm leaving only very small, thin scattered islands of biofilm. Finally, the dynamic test agent spray followed by air/water spray removed the biofilm almost entirely, with evidence of only very few small, thin residual biofilm islands.ConclusionThese studies demonstrate that test agent desiccant effect alone causes some disruption of dental biofilm. Additional dynamic rinsing is needed to achieve complete removal of dental biofilm.

Highlights

Biofilm consists of a community of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix that develop on substratum or submerged surfaces such as living tissues, tooth surfaces and medical devices [1]
These studies demonstrate that test agent desiccant effect alone causes some disruption of dental biofilm
In the Nonlinear Optical Microscopy imaging (NLOM) images, the biofilm appeared as a bright red fluorescence signal, while the enamel surface was visible as a gray/purple fluorescing structure (Figure 1)

Summary

Introduction

Biofilm consists of a community of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix that develop on substratum or submerged surfaces such as living tissues, tooth surfaces and medical devices [1]. The resident oral microflora consists of a dynamic multi-species community of bacteria that grow and adhere to the enamel pellicle and mucosal surfaces [3]. Oral biofilm, in the form of supragingival and subgingival plaque, may have a wide range of effects including the formation of dental calculus, dental demineralization and caries, gingival inflammation, and periodontal disease [4]. Studies in the USA and the UK suggest that some degree of gingivitis affects 50–90% of the adult population [5]. A recent publication from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that 47% of adults in the US suffer from periodontitis [6]. Oral biofilm can affect systemic health as well, providing added impetus for more effective approaches to oral hygiene

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Conclusion