Abstract
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in the context of climate change and temperature fluctuations is an increasing challenge for contemporary cities. Numerous activities focus on mitigation and adaptation to the UHI effect using both appropriately selected design strategies and technological solutions. However, not all of these technologies support the postulates of ecological and low-carbon cities. Their design, implementation, and operation process sometimes causes conflicts or misunderstandings among designers, industry engineers, and residents. The aim of the research was to examine the relationship between UHI effect mitigation, adaptation, and energy efficiency strategies. A further goal was to build a matrix of synergistic elements and conflicts for respective actors and stakeholders, and an analysis of the elitist DAD (Decide-Announce-Defend) method and participatory ADD (Announce-Discuss-Decide) or EDD (Engage-Deliberate-Decide) in dealing with the UHI effect. The literature review and case study analysis methods were applied. In the study, the strategies of five chosen European capitals (Berlin, London, Paris, Vienna, and Warsaw) experiencing a UHI problem were analyzed. As result, a matrix of the most common goal differences of respective stakeholders in dealing with the UHI effect was developed. One of the main conclusions is the necessity of undergoing synergic collaboration between actors that are not cooperating yet, combined with risk analysis and appropriate education at different levels for a successful and socially equal mitigation and adaptation to the UHI effect.
Highlights
The main aim of energy engineers is to provide reliable, failure-free energy systems-to achieve it not so much attention is laid on planning issues and Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect
The DAD (Decide-Announceapproaches are traditionally associated with energy conflicts and provide a the Defend), ADD (Announce-Discuss-Decide), and Education and participation (EDD) (Engage-Deliberate-Decide) apical possibility of adopting them into UHI effect countermeasures
Their basic char proaches are traditionally associated with energy conflicts and provide a theoretical possiistics enable their consideration as a smart tool—meeting the objectives of being Sp bility of adopting them into UHI effect countermeasures
Summary
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is a phenomenon manifested by higher nearsurface air temperatures in urban areas and is associated with an anthropic overheating problem [1]. The increase in temperatures in urban areas in comparison to surrounding rural areas is mainly caused by changes in the surface energy balance, and radiative and thermal properties over the urban land surface [2]. The problem of the UHI effect has been noticed at the global politics level and it has been shown that energy aspects play a significant role and are related especially to the issues of buildings use and their structure. The UHI effect is directly related to the built environment (building density and either building volumes or greenery) as well as the location and relationships between buildings
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