Abstract
Electricity-driven thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), e.g., air conditioners (ACs), have been widely utilized in demand response (DR) to provide operating reserve for power systems. However, the rebound effects may occur during the recovery process of DR, which can limit the operating reserve quality of ACs or even affect the reliable operation of power systems. With the community-level smart energy hubs (EH), the traditional electricity-driven TCLs can be expanded into multi-energy driven thermostatically controlled loads (MTCLs), e.g., household radiators. Under this circumstance, integrated demand response (IDR) can be exploited to coordinate the operation of MTCLs and provide more operating reserve resources while mitigating rebound effects. To this end, this paper proposes a two-stage IDR strategy to fully excavate the operating reserve provided by MTCLs. The first stage is to coordinate the energy consumption of ACs and household radiators to maximize the end-users’ thermal comfort and mitigate the rebound effects. To quantify the end-users’ thermal comfort, a modified predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) index related to thermal environment parameters is introduced and simplified. Based on the energy consumption determined in the first stage, the energy conversion in EH is optimized in the second stage. Through the optimization in these two stages, a series of indices is established to evaluate the operating reserve in terms of aggregate capacity, duration, ramp rate, and smoothness. The case studies demonstrate that the proposed two-stage IDR strategy can provide high-aggregate-capacity and long-duration reserve resources in power systems while mitigating the rebound effects to maintain supply-demand balance and reliable operation of power systems. The analysis results of the test system show that the reserve capacity and duration obtained by the proposed model are 1.85 and 2.61 times those of the model without considering the multi-energy conversion, respectively.
Highlights
To overcome the above challenges, this paper proposes a twostage integrated demand response (IDR) strategy to fully excavate the operating reserve provided by multi-energy driven thermostatically controlled loads (MTCLs)
Based on the energy consumption of air conditioners (ACs) and household radiators of end-users optimal dispatched in the first stage of IDR strategy, the aggregated multi-energy loads of energy hubs (EH) can be figured as the sum of these MTCLs and the rest loads, as shown in equation (11)
This paper proposes a two-stage IDR strategy to fully excavate the operating reserve provided from MTCLs considering rebound effects
Summary
With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, a consensus in UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) is formed to accelerate the development of renewable energy, e.g., solar and wind power [1]. Endusers will set their ACs back to their thermal comfort temperature at the end of the required demand response period. This action makes a lot of ACs restart simultaneously and causes a sudden increase in electricity usage [10]. EH provides the advantage that household radiators can control room temperature through heating /cooling water from EH directly, instead of relying on electricity consumption like traditional ACs. the end-users can adjust electricity consumption without reducing thermal comfort. By coordinating the operation of multi-energy conversion devices, IDR with MTCLs could provide more operating reserve capacity while mitigating rebound effects at the same time
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