Abstract
Salt precipitation during CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers can have severe consequences on injectivity during carbon storage. Extensive studies have been carried out on CO2 solubility with individual or mixed salt solutions; however, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no substantial study to consider pressure decay rate as a function of CO2 solubility in brine, and the range of brine concentration for effective CO2 storage. This study presents an experimental core flooding of the Bentheimer sandstone sample under simulated reservoir conditions to examine the effect of four different types of brine at a various ranges of salt concentration (5 to 25 wt.%) on CO2 storage. Results indicate that porosity and permeability reduction, as well as salt precipitation, is higher in divalent brines. It is also found that, at 10 to 20 wt.% brine concentrations in both monovalent and divalent brines, a substantial volume of CO2 is sequestered, which indicates the optimum concentration ranges for storage purposes. Hence, the magnitude of CO2 injectivity impairment depends on both the concentration and type of salt species. The findings from this study are directly relevant to CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers as well as screening criteria for carbon storage with enhanced gas and oil recovery processes.
Highlights
The consumption of fossil fuels has led to global warming and ozone layer depletion due to a massive increase in the atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions [1,2,3,4,5]
Deep saline aquifers in a sandstone formation extend up to 2400 m (~8000 ft) deep and 20 ◦ C/km (1.4 ◦ F/100 ft), as reported by Yang et al [51]; as such, the temperature chosen for this experiment was 45 ◦ C
The optimum range for CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers is within the range of 10 wt.% to 20 wt.% concentration
Summary
The consumption of fossil fuels has led to global warming and ozone layer depletion due to a massive increase in the atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions [1,2,3,4,5]. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions from anthropogenic sources and safely sequester it in underground formations such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or deep saline formations [8,9,10,11,12,13]. This technology has the capability to decrease the emissions of CO2 up to 17% by 2050 [14].
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