Abstract
The average overtopping discharge is an important parameter for the design and reinforcement of dikes. Rock armour on the waterside slopes and berms of dikes is widely used to reduce the wave overtopping discharge by introducing slope roughness and dissipation of energy in the permeable armour layer. However, methods for estimating the influence of a rock berm and roughness of rock armour at dikes on the average overtopping discharge still need to be developed and/or validated. Therefore, this study aims to develop empirical equations to quantify the reductive influence of rock armour on wave overtopping at dikes. Empirical equations for estimating the effects of rock berms and roughness are derived based on the analysis of experimental data from new physical model tests. The influence of roughness of the rock armour applied on parts of waterside slopes is estimated by introducing the location weighting coefficients. Results show that the newly derived equations to predict the average overtopping discharge at dikes lead to a significantly better performance within the tested ranges compared to existing empirical equations.
Highlights
Dikes protect property and people living in the hinterland from flooding [1]
Many studies have been conducted in the last decades on wave overtopping and empirical formulas are available for estimating the average overtopping discharge at dikes
This study aims to develop empirical equations for the berm and roughness influence factors of rock armour thereby improving the predictive accuracy of average overtopping discharge at rock-armoured dikes
Summary
Dikes protect property and people living in the hinterland from flooding [1]. Low-lying countries especially rely heavily on good and strong dikes [2]. Climate change and sea level rise might result in extreme events occurring more frequently, which increases the probability of wave overtopping at dikes. Wave overtopping can be characterised by average overtopping discharge (m3/s/m or L/s/m), which acts as a key parameter in the design and reinforcement of dikes. Many studies have been conducted in the last decades on wave overtopping (see for instance [6,7,8,9,10,11]) and empirical formulas are available for estimating the average overtopping discharge at dikes (see Appendix A)
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