Experimental study on merging behaviors of two identical buoyant diffusion flames under an unconfined ceiling with varying heights

Abstract

This paper presents an experimental study on the flame merging behaviors of two identical square propane burners with the side length of 15 cm burning under an unconfined ceiling. The total heat release rate of the two burners, burner edge spacing and ceiling height above the burner were varied. The flame merging probability, both the longitudinal and transverse ceiling flame extensions respectively along and perpendicular to the line connecting the centers of the two burners were measured. Based on the dimensional analysis, a piecewise linear function for the flame merging probability was developed and the criteria of the beginning and fully merging of the ceiling flames were thus determined, which provides a guidance of the safety distance between combustibles in buildings. The flame length is defined as the half of the total ceiling flame length in this work. Due to the interaction of two burners, the longitudinal and transverse flame lengths are different. Experimental results showed that as the spacing increases, the longitudinal flame length increases while the transverse flame length decreases. Based on the energy distribution model developed for the vertical and ceiling flames, correlations for predicting the merging ceiling flame lengths in the two directions were respectively established as the functions of the total heat release rate, burner size and spacing, ceiling height and the free flame height of two burners with zero spacing. The proposed models for the ceiling flame lengths can help to better understand the fire ignition and spread probability and flame radiation properties.