Abstract
This study experimentally investigates the turbulent flame speeds (St) of Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) fuel and a 50/50 blend with diesel across turbulence intensities (u') ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 m/s and equivalence ratios (Φ) from 0.7 to 1.3. Experiments were conducted using a cylindrical fan-stirred combustion bomb at an initial temperature (Ti) of 463 K and atmospheric pressure under near homogeneous and isotropic turbulence (HIT) conditions. A pressure transducer measured the St of the propagating GTL flame. High-speed imaging reveals that changes in flame brightness are associated with variations in flame temperature and soot incandescence. Compared to diesel, stoichiometric GTL and the 50/50 diesel-GTL blend showed peak combustion pressure reductions of 8.9% and 4.9%, respectively. Rich diesel fuel and lean GTL exhibited higher pressure rise rates, flame propagation, and St due to their Lewis numbers (Le) being less than one, enhancing flame-turbulence interaction. At u` of 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 m/s, St for GTL increased by approximately 3.6%, 5.3%, and 2.8%, respectively, when compared to diesel, with these increases observed at Φ < 1.1. Transition from wrinkled to corrugated flamelets with increasing u` supports models predicting flame stability and potential industrial combustion efficiency improvements. Comparisons with numerical St results using the Zimont Turbulent Flame Speed Closure (Zimont TFC) model showed good agreement at lower (u' = 0.5 m/s) and mid-range (u' = 2.0 m/s) turbulence intensities but discrepancies at higher intensities (u' = 3.0 m/s), highlighting the need to refine numerical models for more accurate predictions across all turbulence levels.
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