Abstract
Energy crisis and emission problems have led to investigations on alternative fuels. In this respect, partial substitution of diesel with alcohol and biodiesel has proved to be successful. The present study focuses on the use of biodiesel as an additive to stabilize alcohols in diesel blends and proposes new fuel formulations based on thermodynamic studies of liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data from ternary systems containing methanol/ethanol/1-butanol + biodiesel + diesel at atmospheric pressure and 300.15 K. The authenticity of phase equilibrium data was validated by the Othmer–Tobias and Hand equations. The distribution and selectivity coefficients calculated for immiscibility regions indicated that an increase in the carbon chain strengthens biodiesel solubility. Experimental data also correlated with universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) and non-random two liquids (NRTL) thermodynamic models. Both models showed high agreement with the experimental data, with deviation values (root-mean-square deviation, RMSD) less than 1.78%.
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