Abstract
Renal hypoxia is generally accepted as a key pathophysiologic event in acute kidney injury of various origins, and has also been suggested to play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease. Here we describe a step-by-step experimental protocol for indirect monitoring of renal blood oxygenation in rodents via the deoxyhemoglobin sensitive MR parameters T2* and T2-a contrast mechanism known as the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) effect. Since an absolute quantification of renal oxygenation from T2*/T2 remains challenging, the effects of controlled and standardized variations in the fraction of inspired oxygen are used for bench marking. This MRI method may be useful for investigating renal blood oxygenation of small rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.
Highlights
Renal tissue oxygenation relies on a delicate balance between delivery of O2, as determined by renal blood flow and arterial O2 content, and consumption of O2, which is predominantly determined by energy-dependent tubular reabsorption
Based largely upon studies on animal models, intrarenal hypoxia is generally accepted as a key pathophysiologic event in acute kidney injury of various origins, and has been suggested to promote its progression to chronic kidney disease CKD
The parametric mapping of the transverse relaxation times T2* and T2 has the potential to allow inferences about renal oxygenation, because both parameters are sensitive to blood oxygenation
Summary
Renal tissue oxygenation relies on a delicate balance between delivery of O2, as determined by renal blood flow and arterial O2 content, and consumption of O2, which is predominantly determined by energy-dependent tubular reabsorption. The T2 effect is via water diffusion within the magnetic field gradient created by deoxyhemoglobin This contrast mechanism results in T2 being dominated by blood oxygenation effects in the microvasculature, which makes it a valuable complement to conventional T2* measurements. The effects of controlled and standardized variations in T2* relaxation parameters in response to the fraction of inspired oxygen (hypoxia, hyperoxia) are used for benchmarking This MRI method may be useful for investigating renal blood oxygenation of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis, which are part of this book.
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