Abstract
Fluorinated compounds feature favorable toxicity profile and can be used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Fluorine nucleus from fluorinated compounds exhibit well-known advantages of being a high signal nucleus with a natural abundance of its stable isotope, a convenient gyromagnetic ratio close to that of protons, and a unique spectral signature with no detectable background at clinical field strengths. Perfluorocarbon core nanoparticles (PFC NP) are a class of clinically approved emulsion agents recently applied in vivo for ligand-targeted molecular imaging. The objective of this chapter is to outline a multinuclear 1H/19F MRI protocol for functional kidney imaging in rodents for mapping of renal blood volume and oxygenation (pO2) in renal disease models.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the basic concept of functional imaging using fluorine (19F) MR methods.
Highlights
In healthy kidneys, the countercurrent design of blood vessels and tubules maintains the necessary osmolar gradient to permit efficient urinary concentration, yet the system operates under conditions of a relatively hypoxic environment in some regions that requires extensive extraction of oxygen from flowing blood [1, 2]
This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the basic concept of functional imaging using fluorine (19F) MR methods
Perfluorocarbon core nanoparticles (PFC NP) are a class of emulsion agents clinically approved as blood substitutes that have been applied recently for in vivo for targeted molecular imaging and noninvasive oxygen tension assessment [1–3]
Summary
The countercurrent design of blood vessels and tubules maintains the necessary osmolar gradient to permit efficient urinary concentration, yet the system operates under conditions of a relatively hypoxic environment in some regions that requires extensive extraction of oxygen from flowing blood [1, 2]. Perfluorocarbon core nanoparticles (PFC NP) are a class of emulsion agents clinically approved as blood substitutes that have been applied recently for in vivo for targeted molecular imaging and noninvasive oxygen tension (pO2) assessment [1–3]. The unique 19F MR signal emanating from the fluorine core of PFC NP can be measured directly in vivo in quite sparse concentrations (e.g., picomolar voxel amounts) with no background signal, as contrasted with other paramagnetic or superparamagnetic moieties that exert indirect contrast effects on circulating protons [4–6]. The rationale for choosing acquisition parameters is described in generic terms, together with specific parameter examples This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the basic concept of functional imaging using fluorine (19F) MR methods, which is part of this book.
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