Experimental methods and techniques for negative-ion production by0 surface ionization. Part III. Compilation and criticism of experimental data on negative surface ionization

Abstract

Negative surface-ionization techniques and conditions employed in 470 sample/surface systems in various research fields during the last half century are summarized in a table which presents data for: (1) the sample material (about 200 species in total); (2) the sample gas pressure; (3) the residual gas pressure; (4) the structure of the ion source (13 types classified); (5) the ionizing-surface material (about 40 species); (6) the surface temperature range; (7) the optimum surface temperature; (8) the methods for either separation or identification of ions; (9) the ion(s) produced (about 170 species); (10) the ionization efficiency; (11) the research subject and/or experimental purpose (24 categories sorted); and (12) reference(s) to each datum cited (about 160 references in total). Fundamental information about negative surface ionization may therefore be quickly referenced, in response to a specified research subject and/or a particular experimental purpose. Some problems that should be resolved by further investigations are also summarized briefly. The total number of references cited in this series of reviews is about 430.