Abstract
The thermionic and thermophysical properties of various emitting surfaces generally employed in negative surface ionization are examined briefly with a view to establishing the experimental methods and conditions that best fulfil a given research purpose. Essential points in the selection of the experimental conditions, such as surface temperature and incident sample gas pressure, are exemplified by much experimental data published to date. A number of surface ionization-type negative-ion sources developed by workers in various research fields are sorted into five groups (12 types) according to the sample/ionizer combination system. The structures and properties of typical ion sources are briefly described together with nine illustrations. Some problems concerning the separation or identification of negatively charged particles are discussed. This part cites an additional 179 references.
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