Experimental Evidence of Epizootic Epitheliotropic Disease Virus (Salmoid Herpesvirus-3, Alloherpesviridae) Transmission via Contaminated Fomites and Subsequent Prevention Using a Disinfectant.

Abstract

Epizootic epitheliotropic disease virus (EEDV) has caused considerable mortality in hatchery-reared lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in the Great Lakes Basin, and yet the routes of transmission and efficacious means of prevention remain poorly understood. To determine whether EEDV can be transmitted via contaminated fomites and clarify whether such transmission could be prevented via fomite disinfection, juvenile lake trout (n = 20 per treatment) were handled in nets previously soaked in an EEDV suspension (7.29 × 104–2.25 × 105 virus copies/mL of water) that were further immersed in either 1% Virkon® Aquatic (“disinfected” treatment, in triplicate) or in sample diluent (“EEDV-contaminated” treatment). Negative control nets were soaked in sterile sample diluent only. Characteristic gross signs of EED developed in the “EEDV-contaminated” treatment group, which was followed by 80% mortality, whereas no gross signs of disease and 0–5% mortality occurred in the negative control and “disinfected” treatment groups, respectively. EEDV was detected via qPCR in 90% of the “EEDV-contaminated” treatment fish, however, it was not detected in any fish within the negative control or “disinfected” treatment groups. Study findings not only demonstrate that EEDV can be readily transmitted via contaminated fomites, but importantly suggest that Virkon® Aquatic is an efficacious option for preventing EEDV contagion via the disinfection of hatchery tools, thereby highlighting a promising tool for improving lake trout hatchery biosecurity and minimizing EEDV-linked losses.