Experimental Design to Enhance Dopamine Electrochemical Detection Using Carbon Paste Electrodes

Abstract

Efforts have been made on the development of new modified electrodes to be used in the fast determination of neurotransmitters, either in commercial drugs or in biological samples. Determination of dopamine (DA), for example, is of great importance since the lack of this neurotransmitter is related to many neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. In this paper, we present a detailed electrochemical characterization, as well as DA detection studies of paste electrodes incorporating carbon materials in different allotropic forms, including carbon black modified with intrinsically conducting polymers (Eeonomers®), pristine carbon black, graphite, and carbon nanotubes. Emphasis is put on the smaller particle size and larger specific surface area of CB Eeonomers® materials, which led to an improved electroanalytical performance for the developed devices. The electrodes fabricated with Eeonomers® modified with polyaniline exhibited the higher current response towards DA detection, in addition to the ability of distinguishing DA from its natural interferent, ascorbic acid. Furthermore, a central composite design was used to investigate the influence of pH and electrode composition (proportion of Eeonomers®) on the electrochemical sensing of DA. A greater sensitivity was achieved for 50:50 (w/w) KP20/KPy20 electrode at pH 7.0. The optimized devices showed to be promising tools to perform quick, cheap and sensitive detection of this neurotransmitter in bioanalytical systems.