Abstract
Exosomes: Biological Couriers with Transformative Messages
Highlights
Exosomes are the smallest type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with sizes ranging between 50 – 150 nm [1]
In many instances, authors do not apply appropriate terminology to refer to the EVs their work involved; where some studies describe their EVs as exosomes, others prefer the generic term of “extracellular vesicles”
Given that a circumstantial description of exosome biogenesis lies beyond the scope of this review and its purposes, only a compendious briefing of the well-understood mechanisms is provided with a closer look on the most recently uncovered mechanisms
Summary
Biogenesis of all EV types involves membrane trafficking pathways typical of vesicular production. EV cargo sorting, vesicular formation and release can occur in a canonical ESCRT-dependent and non-canonical ESCRT-independent pathways [9]. Exosome biogenesis is an extremely complex biological process, involving numerous interconnected pathways and has been thoroughly studied and described each in isolation. Given that a circumstantial description of exosome biogenesis lies beyond the scope of this review and its purposes, only a compendious briefing of the well-understood mechanisms is provided with a closer look on the most recently uncovered mechanisms. ALG-2 interacting protein X; Programmed cell ESCRT-I and death 6-interacting protein
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