Examining the associations between a posteriori dietary patterns and obesity indexes: Systematic review of observational studies.

Abstract

Few reports on the association of population-derived dietary patterns with excess body weight, using the approach of a systematic review currently exist. The aim of the present systematic review was to identify dietary patterns associated with body mass index (BMI), body weight (BW)/BMI change, weight status and weight loss maintenance status. Using MEDLINE (via PubMed) and EBSCO Host databases, we systematically reviewed studies from 1980 to 2020, which included men and women, aged ≥18 years. Primary outcome was BMI or the longitudinal change of individuals' BW or BMI, or weight status (normal weight/overweight/obesity) or weight loss maintenance status. We included observational studies, with or without a prospective design. Studies which met the inclusion criteria were evaluated based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; only a posteriori dietary patterns were evaluated. Twenty-six studies were eligible for inclusion in the current analysis. The results indicate a relationship between adherence to a lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern, characterized by high intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, unprocessed cereals, dairy and low intake of high-fat foods and sweets, and longitudinal change of individuals' BW or BMI, or the risk of overweight/obesity. Promotion of this healthy dietary pattern, as an alternative to focusing on specific nutrients or foods, may be a promising approach to be included in future long-term weight maintenance interventions.