Abstract
The influence of bath temperature on nano-manufactured PbSe (lead selenide) films was successfully generated by utilizing CBD on the acid solution's metal surface tool. Pb (NO3)2 was employed as a lead ion source as a precursor, while Na2O4Se was used as a selenide ion source. The XRD characterization revealed that the prepared samples are the property of crystalline structure (111), (101), (100), and (110) Miller indices. The scanning electron microscope indicated that the particles have a rock-like shape. There was a decrement of energy bandgap that is from 2.4 eV to 1.2 eV with increasing temperature 20°C–85°C. Thin films prepared at 85°C revealed the best polycrystal structure as well as homogeneously dispersed on the substrate at superior particle scales. The photoluminescence spectrophotometer witnessed that as the temperature of the solution bath increases from 20°C to 85°C, the average strength of PL emission of the film decreases. The maximum photoluminescence strength predominantly exists at high temperatures because of self-trapped exciton recombination, formed from O2 vacancy and particle size what we call defect centres, for the deposited thin films at 45°C and 85°C. Therefore, the finest solution temperature is 85°C.
Highlights
The world is in trouble with air and water pollution released from nonrenewable energy sources such as coal, natural gas, fossil fuels, and fabrics [1]. e fuels released from fabrics flow out to the rivers and cause water pollution. is polluted water is directly consumed by a person and cause diseases like cholera, amoebic dysentery, and typhoid
Structural Characterization. e X-rays diffraction patterns of the PbSe thin films deposited at different temperature bath solutions are shown in Figure 1. in films deposited at 45°C observed with four peaks at 2θ 26°C and 30.6°C
When bath solution temperature rises to 85°C, the intensity of the peaks attributable to PbSe is revealed. e position of the peak along the (111), (101), (100), and (110) Miller indexes reveals the saturated intensity with welldefined sharp indicating high crystallinity of the material prepared. is means that the grain size of the grown thin film increases with the temperature of the bath. e number of peaks of PbSe films increased when bath temperature increased. ese witnesses show that the deposited structure has a cubic phase, matching with earlier reported data [12]
Summary
The world is in trouble with air and water pollution released from nonrenewable energy sources such as coal, natural gas, fossil fuels, and fabrics [1]. e fuels released from fabrics flow out to the rivers and cause water pollution. is polluted water is directly consumed by a person and cause diseases like cholera, amoebic dysentery, and typhoid. They release dangerous carbon toxic radiations into the environment [4] To reduce these hazardous wastes and pollutions from the world, the production and fabrication of solar cells from compound semiconductor thin films is the only solution. A wide-ranging investigation has been dedicated to produce numerous kinds of semiconductor thin films which are applicable in renewable sources of energy like solar cells [6]. Chemical bath preparation techniques are used to synthesize many semiconductors films, including [8] zinc sulfide (ZnS), lead selenide (PbSe), cadmium selenite(CdSe), zinc selenite (ZnSe), Cu2S (copper sulphide), CuInS (copper indium sulfide), and CuBiS2 (copper bismuth sulfide) on glass substrates [9], and they have no longer quality. We have used metallic substrates to grow lead selenide films via the CBD method in an acidic medium (pH 4) for the applications of solar cells
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