Examination of segmental average mass spectra from liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (LC–MS/MS) data enables screening of multiple types of protein modifications

Abstract

It has been observed that a modified peptide and its non-modified counterpart, when analyzed with reverse phase liquid chromatography, usually share a very similar elution property [1–3]. Inasmuch as this property is common to many different types of protein modifications, we propose an informatics-based approach, featuring the generation of segmental average mass spectra (saMS), that is capable of locating different types of modified peptides in two-dimensional liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric (LC–MS) data collected for regular protease digests from proteins in gels or solutions. To enable the localization of these peptides in the LC–MS map, we have implemented a set of computer programs, or the saMS package, that perform the needed functions, including generating a complete set of segmental average mass spectra, compiling the peptide inventory from the Sequest/TurboSequest results, searching modified peptide candidates and annotating a tandem mass spectrum for final verification. Using ROCK2 as an example, our programs were applied to identify multiple types of modified peptides, such as phosphorylated and hexosylated ones, which particularly include those peptides that could have been ignored due to their peculiar fragmentation patterns and consequent low search scores. Hence, we demonstrate that, when complemented with peptide search algorithms, our approach and the entailed computer programs can add the sequence information needed for bolstering the confidence of data interpretation by the present analytical platforms and facilitate the mining of protein modification information out of complicated LC–MS/MS data.