Evolutionarily stable growth rates in size-structured populations under size-related competition.

Abstract

The competitive interactions between individuals in size-structured populations usually change as a function of the individuals' sizes. A general model of a density-dependent size-structured population is used to investigate the size-specific birth and death rates that result when growth rates can be adjusted adaptively. If there is no cost associated with faster growth, the evolutionarily stable growth rates result in an ideal free distribution of individuals among size classes, provided that competition within size classes is stronger than competition between size classes. When the population is stationary, this ideal free distribution is characterized by identical ratios of expected number of offspring per unit time to probability of death per unit time for all size classes with growth rates less than the physiologically maximum level. If more rapid growth reduces birth rate or increases death rate, the size-specific ratios of births to mortality increase with the organism's size. If the population is growing in a density independent manner, but there is a cost to growth, there should be an increase with size in the ratio of reproductive output to the quantity (population growth rate minus survival probability). Available evidence about size-specific birth and death rates in some size-structured populations is discussed.