Abstract
The significance of perfection of osmoregulation in vertebrates for an increase of stability of the cell volume is substantiated. The functional significance of different types of osmoregulation is shown and the role of the isoosmotic regulation in sturgeons at their sea period of life is substantiated. A new hypothesis is put forward on the origin of the antidiuretic effect of vasotocin as a contreffect to autacoids. Presented are the data on the practical application of the results of study of evolution of the water–salt balance for space medicine, treatment of ischemic insult, nocturnal enuresis in children, prevention of nephrotoxic effect of antitumor drugs. The main principles of evolution of functions of the osmoregulating system in vertebrates are formulated.
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