Evolution of the Zonal Gradients Across the Equatorial Pacific During the Miocene–Pleistocene

Abstract

Combining U k 0 37-and TEX 86-derived temperatures and oxygen isotopic values of mixed-layer and thermocline species from the IODP site U1338 (East Equatorial Pacific) and ODP Site 806 (West Equatorial Pacific) we assess the evolution of the zonal sea-surface temperature gradients and thermocline depth across the equatorial Pacific from the late Miocene through the Pleistocene. Data suggest a long-term shoaling of the thermocline along the equator throughout the Miocene-Pliocene that accelerated around 5.3 Ma. We identify a critical transition at about 3.8 Ma from a El-NinoNi˜Nino-like-dominated mean state during the late Miocene and early Pliocene to a La-Nina-like-dominated state during the late Pliocene-Pleistocene. This transition coincides with the restriction of the Indonesian seaway and the onset of ice growth in the northern hemisphere and in Antarctica that led to the long-term strengthening of the Walker circulation and affected low-latitude zonal gradient.