Evidence for facultative heterotrophy in cultured zooxanthellae

Abstract

The locus of symbiotic dinoflagellates within host cells provides a habitat which could potentially be exploited by the alga through heterotrophic uptake of host-derived organic substrates. Using zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium sp.) isolated from the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella collected from Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, the effect of various potential organic substrates on growth in vitro was assessed in Erdschreiber seawater medium (ES) supplemented with organic compounds. Zooxanthellae maintained at 5 to 7 μE m-2 s-1 (below compensation irradiance) grew heterotrophically when supplied with 100 μM glycerol, glycolate, acetate, malate, or propionate, and grew in darkness on 100 μM propionate. Zooxanthellae exposed to irradiance below compensation were able to utilize carbon sources in the unsupplemented ES medium for slow growth, but generally the growth rate of cultured zooxanthellae was a function of incubation irradiance. Zooxanthellae incubated for 10 wk in unsupplemented ES at 5 to 7 μE m-2 s-1 were capable of growth at this low irradiance, but were also capable of net photosynthetic oxygen production at higher irradiances. This suggests that zooxanthellae can be photoautotrophic or facultatively heterotrophic. An estimate for the duration of mitosis (td) is made on the basis of growth rate of cultured zooxanthellae in log-phase; this estimate of td=4.88 h is less than half the estimated td for zooxanthellae in situ.