Even mild intervertebral disc degeneration reduces the flexibility of the thoracic spine: an experimental study on 95 human specimens

Abstract

BACKGROUND CONTEXTIntervertebral disc degeneration represents one of multiple potential trigger factors for reduced passive spinal mobility and back pain. The effects of age-related degenerative intervertebral disc changes on spinal flexibility were however mainly investigated for the lumbar spine in the past, while intervertebral disc degeneration is also highly prevalent in the thoracic spine. PURPOSETo evaluate the effect of the degeneration grade on the range of motion and neutral zone of the thoracic spine. STUDY DESIGNExperimental study including combined radiological grading of intervertebral disc degeneration and biomechanical testing of 95 human thoracic functional spinal units (min. n=4 per level from T1–T2 to T11–T12) from 33 donors (15 female / 18 male, mean age 56 years, age range 37–80 years). METHODSDegeneration grades of the intervertebral discs were assessed using the validated x-ray grading scheme of Liebsch et al. (0=no, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe degeneration). Motion segments were loaded with pure moments in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation to determine range of motion and neutral zone at 5 Nm. RESULTSAll tested specimens exhibited degeneration grades between zero and two. Range of motion significantly decreased for grades one and two compared with grade zero in any motion direction (p<.05), showing the strongest decrease in extension comparing grade two with grade zero (-42%), while no significant differences were detected between grades one and two. Similar trends were found for the neutral zone with the strongest decrease in extension also comparing grade two with grade zero (-47%). Donor age did not significantly affect the range of motion, whereas the range of motion was significantly reduced in specimens from male donors due to the significantly higher degeneration grade in this study. CONCLUSIONSEven mild intervertebral disc degeneration reduces the range of motion and neutral zone of the thoracic spine in any motion plane, whereas progressing degeneration does not further affect its flexibility. This is in contrast to the lumbar spine, where a more gradual decrease of flexibility was found in prior studies, which might be explained by differences between thoracic and lumbar intervertebral disc morphologies. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThoracic intervertebral disc degeneration should be considered as one of multiple potential causal factors in patients showing reduced passive mobility and middle back pain.