Abstract
This study evaluates the fidelity of five planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes in the advanced weather research and forecasting model for simulating monsoon depressions (MDs) over India. Five PBL schemes include; nonlocal first-order medium-range forecasting (MRF) and Yonsei University (YSU); hybrid first-order Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 (ACM2), and local one-and-a-half-order Bougeault–Lacarrere (BouLac) and Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN2). PBL schemes show significant impact on rainfall along with dynamical and thermodynamical parameters associated with MDs at the surface as well as at the upper levels. MRF simulates a relatively shallower, warmer and drier boundary layer compared to others. Results reveal that strong upper-level divergence and high moisture content within the lower levels are favorable for the occurrence of heavy rain associated with MDs. However, stronger wind shear within the mid-troposphere weakens the system and reduces the rain intensity. Based on the results and keeping the rainfall product in view, it is found that nonlocal PBL schemes (MRF and ACM2) have better forecast skills score than local PBL schemes (BouLac and MYNN2) over the Indian region.
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