Abstract
Novel materials have been recently developed for coping with various environmental factors. Generally, to improve the thermal comfort to humans in cold environments, securing an air layer is important. Therefore, this study analyzed the thermal properties of 3D spacer technical materials, 3D printed using thermoplastic polyurethane, according to the structural changes. Four 3D spacer technical material structures were designed with varying pore size and thickness. These samples were moved into a cold climate chamber (temperature 5 ± 1 °C, relative humidity (60 ± 5)%, wind velocity ≤0.2 m/s) and placed on a heating plate set to 30 °C. The surface and internal temperatures were measured after 0, 10, 20, and 30 min and then 10 min after turning off the heating plate. When heat was continuously supplied, the 3D spacer technical material with large pores and a thick air layer showed superior insulation among the materials. However, when no heat was supplied, the air gap thickness dominantly affected thermal insulation, regardless of the pore size. Hence, increasing the air gap is more beneficial than increasing the pore size. Notably, we found that the air gap can increase insulation efficiency, which is of importance to the new concept of 3D printing an interlining.
Highlights
The environment is constantly changing due to global warming and increasing fine dust levels, which has necessitated emphasis on the function of clothing to protect the body
Previous studies pertaining to the heat transfer of clothing include one by Rhie [13], who determined the thermal resistivity between the clothing, body, and environment by modeling sleeves and investigated how the fabric and air gap thickness affect thermal transmission
In other words, when pore size was large (A, B), insulation was inefficient with a thin air gap because of swift thermal transmission, and when pore size was small (C, D), a thick air gap was detrimental to insulation
Summary
The environment is constantly changing due to global warming and increasing fine dust levels, which has necessitated emphasis on the function of clothing to protect the body. High summer temperatures and low winter temperatures are of concern worldwide. Against these environmental transitions, clothing provides comfort from heat and cold by serving as a protective barrier between the human body and the environment [1]. The thermal comfort provided by clothing is affected at the scales of the textile, thread, fabric, and clothing [2,3,4,5,6]. Previous studies pertaining to the heat transfer of clothing include one by Rhie [13], who determined the thermal resistivity between the clothing, body, and environment by modeling sleeves and investigated how the fabric and air gap thickness affect thermal transmission. Das et al [14] developed a mathematical model to predict thermal transmission for multilayer
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