Abstract
Objective: The study evaluated the water sorption (WSP) and water solubility (WSL) characteristics of different luting agents over a 180-day water storage period. Materials and Methods: Nine luting materials, i.e., conventional resin cement: Panavia F (PF), Rely X ARC (RA), self-adhesive resin cement: Rely X Unicem (RU), Breez (BZ), Maxcem Elite (MX), BisCem (BC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement: FujiCem (FC), FujiPlus (FP) Rely X luting plus (RL) were assessed and fifty-two-disc specimens of each material were fabricated. All specimens were desiccated until a constant weight (W0) was reached. Thirteen specimens for each luting material were then randomly assigned to one of the four water immersion periods (7, 30, 90, and 180 days). After each period, the specimens were removed from the water and weighed to get W1. The samples were again desiccated for a second time and W2 was measured. Both WSP and WSL were determined by the following equations: WSP (%) = (W1 − W2) × 100/W0 and WSL (%) = (W0 − W2) × 100/W0. Assessments were performed following ISO standards. ANOVA was used to assess the effect of luting agent and time period on water sorption and solubility. Pair-wise comparisons were adjusted using Tukey’s multiple comparison procedure. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all statistical tests. Results: The highest mean WSP and WSL (WSP/WSL) were demonstrated by resin-modified glass-ionomers (RL 18.32/3.25, FC 17.08/4.83, and FP 14.14/1.99), while resin luting agents showed lower WSP and WSL results (PF 1.6/0.67 and RA 1.76/0.46), respectively. The self-adhesive agents exhibited a wide range of WSP and WSL values (RU 1.86/0.13, BZ 4.66/0.93, and MX 3.68/1.11). Self-adhesive cement showed lower WSP and WSL compared with the resin-modified glass-ionomers (p < 0.05). All the materials reached equilibrium after 90-days. Conclusions: Resin-based luting materials have the lowest sorption and solubility. Rely X Unicem self-adhesive luting materials were comparable to resin luting materials for WSL and WSP. Resin-modified glass-ionomer showed the highest water sorption and solubility compared with both resin and self-adhesive materials.
Highlights
Dental luting cements are viscous pastes that acts on the interface between the indirect restoration and tooth surface to create an adhesive force through a chemical reaction [1]
The self-adhesive agents exhibited a wide range of water sorption (WSP) and water solubility (WSL) values (RU 1.86/0.13, BZ 4.66/0.93, and Maxcem Elite (MX) 3.68/1.11)
Resin-modified glass-ionomer showed the highest water sorption and solubility compared with both resin and self-adhesive materials
Summary
Dental luting cements are viscous pastes that acts on the interface between the indirect restoration and tooth surface to create an adhesive force through a chemical reaction [1]. An ideal luting material demonstrates standard properties including biocompatibility with oral tissues, adhesion to enamel or dentin [2], load-withstanding capacity, leakage resistance with a marginal seal, insolubility and resistance to water sorption [3]. Evidence shows that luting agents undergo hydrolytic breakdown and dissolution of weak polymer chain bonds (Van der Waals force) when exposed to water or saliva [5–7]. This process reduces the physical and chemical properties of resin by plasticizing the polymer, leading to decreased bond strength and compromised mechanical properties [8,9]. Water penetration helps adjust for shrinking stresses, it comes at a cost of reduced mechanical strength of the restoration [10,11]
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