Abstract
The aim of this paper was to present some results of the study of the impact of the sanctions, imposed on the Russian Federation in 2014 and consistently expanded and deepened, not on Russia, but on those who use these sanctions — the countries that imposed the sanctions (the sanctioners). External trade, that is one of the objects of the sanctions, was chosen as the subject of the study. The author’s task was to estimate the role of the Russian Federation in the external trade of the countries, which use the sanctions against Russia, before and after the sanctions, and to evaluate the harm caused to these countries by their sanctions and by Russia’s counter-sanctions. To solve these problems, the author proposed a mathematical tool for the damage quantitative assessment. The World Trade Organization statistics for 2012–2017 formed a database for the study, and economic-mathematical and statistical methods were taken as research instruments. One may summarize the results of the study as follows. First, Russia plays an insignificant role in foreign trade of most countries that imposed sanctions against the Russian Federation. However, the damage from the sanctions and counter-sanctions for some of them turns out to be quite significant. Second, the negative impact of the sanctions on their initiators in the sphere of external trade is the stronger, the more important for the sanctioning country its trade relations with the Russian Federation are. Third, the burden of the sanctions was less heavy for their main initiator — the united States of America, than for their less economically strong partners that imposed the sanctions. The author’s main conclusion is that eventually the economic interests of some of these countries win up over the political goals that go against these interests, and the volume of the foreign trade, that dropped down after the sanctions were imposed on Russia, tends to recover. Russia, shifting from the overseas markets to the domestic one and changing the geographical structure of its international trade, does continue to develop. To present the results of the study to the Russian readers, the version of the article in Russian is submitted to the journal “The World of New Economy”. Its title is “Anti-Russian Sanctions: Damage to the Countries that Declared them”. The version gives the results of the analysis of the impact of sanctions on technology trade and the content of the study of foreign trade in goods, detailed in this paper.
Highlights
Since the first years of the young Soviet state, many countries have been constantly using various and numerous measures of military, political, economic, financial, information, etc. pressure on the USSR, and later on Russia, to achieve their political, military, financial and economic goals [1,2,3,4]
There is a number of restrictive measures in foreign trade besides sanctions
In 2013, this share was more than 10% in only seven out of 40 countries and in 12 countries it was not less than 5% (Tabl. 2)
Summary
Since the first years of the young Soviet state, many countries have been constantly using various and numerous measures of military, political, economic, financial, information, etc. pressure on the USSR, and later on Russia, to achieve their political, military, financial and economic goals [1,2,3,4]. Pressure on the USSR, and later on Russia, to achieve their political, military, financial and economic goals [1,2,3,4]. Such measures include the so-called sanctions that without a United Nations resolution have become an especially frequent and widespread weapon of economic and geopolitical hostilities [5] 1. There is a number of restrictive measures in foreign trade besides sanctions. These are market protection measures (anti-dumping, countervailing, special measures and protective duties) and other non-tariff measures (licensing, quotas, technical barriers, sanitary and phytosanitary measures)
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