Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the role of wholesalers who were not surveyed as part of the group secretariat of Japan Good Agricultural Practice (JGAP) group certification. Our findings revealed that wholesalers can substitute 20% of the points required to obtain certification, compared with farmers’ personal efforts. The reasons it is difficult to substitute perfectly for wholesalers are summarized as three factors relating to agricultural expertise. Conversely, this study found that even small-scale farmers can obtain GAP certification by establishing a group secretariat for wholesalers.
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