Evaluation of the potential toxicity of UV-weathered virgin polyamide microplastics to non-biting midge Chironomus riparius

Abstract

The relevance of the environmental hazard evaluation of virgin plastics particles is problematic, as plastics almost never occur in a virgin state after being discarded into the environment. However, the producers or importers must evaluate the environmental effect of their products as they are produced. Many plastic types e.g., polyamide, polyethylene are already under pre-registration, according to the database of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), in order to restrict the placing on the market of polymers (as defined by Article 3(5) of EU's REACH regulation (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization & Restriction of Chemicals), as a substance or in a mixture (ECHA, 2019). However, the hazard of microplastics could not be evaluated without relevant data on its (eco)toxic effects. In this work, the long-term toxicity of virgin polyamide microplastic (PA-MP) (size from 0 to 180 μm) and UV-weathered virgin PA-MP was investigated in the controlled life cycle experiments conducted in accordance with the OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals using Chironomus riparius (OECD test 218). In addition, a three-generation test was conducted to understand the trans-generational toxicity potential of virgin PA-MP. After UV irradiation (26 d) the buoyancy and color of the particles was changed and the share of smaller particles (of a few micrometer size range) increased. The exposure of C. riparius larvae to UV-weathered PA-MP (1000 mg kg−1) during their life cycle (28 d), negatively affected their development and subsequent emergence as adults. However, the exposure to virgin PA-MP throughout the life cycle and also over three consecutive generations did not significantly reduced the number of emerged adults. From the point of view of environmental hazard, the virgin polyamide plastics have probably no long-term hazard to chironomids. While it may not be relevant as environmental pollutant in the strict sense, UV-weathering may turn it hazardous.