Abstract
Organic UV filters are a kind of emerging pollutants, which have been widely used in personal care products (PCPs). This study evaluated the effects of benzophenone-4 (BP-4), 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) on the selected indices of antioxidative responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver. Zebrafish were exposed to two different doses (i.e., 0.5 and 5 mg L−1) of semi-static water with three individual compounds. Liver samples were collected on 7 and 14 days to analyze biochemical indicators, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Oxidative stress occurred in zebrafish liver with significantly changed indicators during the whole exposure period. Different experimental groups could induce or inhibit the activity of antioxidant enzymes with varying degrees. With a prolonged exposure time and increased exposure dose, the hepatic lipid peroxidation was also obviously observed. Moreover, the toxicity order of three organic UV filters was analyzed using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index and the results indicate that exposure to PABA for 7 days at 0.5 mg L−1 and PBSA for 7 days at 5 mg L−1 induced the most severe oxidative stress in the liver of zebrafish.
Highlights
In recent years, the amount of ultraviolet radiation has been increasing with the destruction of the ozone layer and its impact on human beings is well known
The aim of this work was to (1) measure the levels of four oxidative stress indicators (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), GSH, and MDA) in zebrafish liver exposed to these three pollutants, and (2) evaluate their toxicity order using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index
The actual levels of BP-4, PABA, and phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA) were monitored throughout the exposure duration (Table 2)
Summary
The amount of ultraviolet radiation has been increasing with the destruction of the ozone layer and its impact on human beings is well known. UV filters in both inorganic and organic forms can separately scatter or absorb UV-A (320–400 nm) and UV-B (280–320 nm) to protect hair and skin [1,2]. Organic UV filters can be further metabolized in the body when they are absorbed via the skin and accumulated in the organism [3]. Organic UV filters are a kind of aromatic compounds widely used among personal care products (PCPs), such as benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-4 (BP-4), 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA), octocrylene (OC) [4,5]. The levels of UV filters in cosmetics are generally from 0.1% to. Only 14 types of organic UV filters are allowed in cosmetics in the United States, and 26 of them are allowed in the European Union [5]. It has been reported that UV filters entered the aquatic system via either direct input of recreational activities (e.g., washing and swimming) or
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