Evaluation of the ecological impacts of short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids on constructed wetland systems: Perfluorobutyric acid and perfluorooctanoic acid

Abstract

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) contamination of aquatic system has attracted widespread attention in recent years. From both plant and microbial perspectives, the ecological risk of CWs by comparing PFASs with different chain lengths have not been fully understood. In this study, the influences of perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as typical of short- and long-chains on the ecological effect of CWs have been specifically studied. The results showed that plants produced oxidative stress response and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves were stimulated by 17.23–28.13% and 10.49–14.17% upon 10 mg/L PFBA and PFOA exposure. Under the high level of PFBA and PFOA stress, the chlorophyll content was reduced by 15.20–39.40% and lipid peroxidation was observed in leaves with the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) at 1.20–1.22 times of the control. Dehydrogenase (DHA) exhibited the most sensitivity in the presence of PFBA and PFOA with an inhibition ratio of over 90%. The biotoxicity of PFOA was higher than that of PFBA in terms of the inhibition degree of several substrate enzymes. The information of Illumina Miseq sequencing indicated that the diversity and structure of microbial community in CWs were significantly altered by PFBA and PFOA addition and led to an enrichment of more PFASs-tolerant bacteria.