Abstract
Injuries to the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and Rotator Cuff Tendon (RCT) are common in physically active and elderly individuals. The development of an artificial prosthesis for reconstruction/repair of ACL and RCT injuries is of increasing interest due to the need for viable tissue and reduced surgically-related co-morbidity. An optimal prosthesis design is still elusive, therefore an improved understanding of the bone-soft tissue interface is extremely urgent. In this work, Raman spectral mapping was used to analyze, at the micron level, the chemical composition and corresponding structure of the bone-soft tissue interface. Raman spectroscopic mapping was performed using a Raman spectrometer with a 785 nm laser coupled to a microscope. Line-mapping procedure was performed on the ACL and RCT bone insertion sites. The classical least squares (CLS) fitting model was created from reference spectra derived from pure bone and soft-tissue components, and spectral maps collected at multiple sites from ACL and RCT specimens. The results suggest that different source of interface shows different boundary, even they seems have the same components. Compared to the common histology results, it provided intact molecular information that can easily distinguished some relative component change.
Highlights
Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a vibrational spectroscopic method based on the inelastic scattering of photons, in which the photons from a monochromatic excitation light source undergo specific frequency shifts related to chemical bonds[6,7]
For better understanding of the insertion point’s composition dynamics change, in our work, line-mapping analysis was used to collect the data from the Rotator Cuff Tendon (RCT) insertion and from the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) femoral insertion
The non-mineralized fibrocartilage (NFC), directly adjacent to the ligament, is composed of fibro chondrocytes in a matrix of collagens I and II
Summary
Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a vibrational spectroscopic method based on the inelastic scattering of photons, in which the photons from a monochromatic excitation light source undergo specific frequency shifts related to chemical bonds[6,7]. The RS technique utilized in this work takes advantage of the loss of energy of the sample known as Stokes scattering, and is the most common Raman scattering used for analytical investigation[8]. RS provides information about the chemical and structural composition of a sample, it has minimal background of water to get rid of complicated pretreatment of samples and almost no damage to the samples as known a noninvasive analytical method[9,10]. 532-nm excitation can cause sample background fluorescence, which may swamp the Raman signal[11]. Our research had adopt the 785-nm laser, because 785-nm has been found to be optimal for these applications, as it largely avoids fluorescence but still returns a Raman signal sufficient to be detect by a CCD at a reasonable SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)[12]. For better understanding of the insertion point’s composition dynamics change, in our work, line-mapping analysis was used to collect the data from the RCT insertion and from the ACL femoral insertion
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