Abstract
BackgroundThe natural antioxidants from Chlorella have potent therapeutic implication in several diseases. However, the anti-bacterial activity and their molecular mode of action have not been investigated yet. The present study focussed on the assessment of antioxidant potential as well as free radical scavenging activity such as DPPH, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion radical assay of Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck [Beijerinck] (BUACC25) isolated from marine habitat. Furthermore, the anti-bacterial activity and their molecular mode of action have been evaluated.ResultsIn the present study, the preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic algal extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, terpenoids, saponins, coumarin, phenols, and tannins, which was confirmed by in an UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, indicated the distinct spectral peaks. The methanolic algal extract was found to be rich in phenolic content (45 ± 0.06 mg GAE g−1) and flavonoid content (470 ± 0.25 mg of RUE g−1). Furthermore, the methanolic extract was revealed potent antioxidant scavenging activity to scavenge various free radicals with minimum IC50 values of DPPH, hydroxyl, H2O2, superoxide 2.82 ± 0.30, 2.30 ± 0.25, 3.24 ± 0.32, and 3.15 ± 0.02 μg ml−1 respectively. Furthermore, the methanolic extract of C. vulgaris exhibited potent anti-bacterial activity which was evident with the reduction in cfu × 107/ml and % of cell viability. Mechanistically, reduction of SOD, CAT, and GSH activity provoked ROS-mediated cell death after drug treatment. Moreover, in combination with norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, methanolic extract of C. vulgaris demonstrated enhanced anti-bacterial activity with an evident reduction in cfu/ml and % of cell viability.ConclusionThis study advocates that C. vulgaris (BUACC25) has promising antioxidant activity owing to the presence of phenolic and flavonoids evidenced by scavenging of DPPH, hydroxyl, H2O2, and superoxide radicals. In addition to this, it sustained anti-microbial activity against E. coli through modulation of SOD, CAT, and GSH. This study carved a path for uncovering a better therapeutic agent against disease-causing bacterial pathogens.
Highlights
The natural antioxidants from Chlorella have potent therapeutic implication in several diseases
The UV-visible spectral analysis revealed the presence of phenolic bioactive compounds and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis informed the presence of functional groups and the bonding pattern of the compounds
Microalgal bioactive compounds act as potent scavengers of intracellular free radicals owing to the presence of phenolic and flavonoids constituents
Summary
The natural antioxidants from Chlorella have potent therapeutic implication in several diseases. Many studies reported that several bioactive compounds from macroalgae and their effects on several free radical diseases [7,8,9,10] but antioxidant properties of microalgae and of Chlorella spp. from the marine environment are poorly addressed. The antioxidants act as free radical scavengers, as they are electrons or hydrogen donors and produce numerous stable intermediate radicals. They prevent oxyradical formation to avoid oxidative stress [17]. Phenolic compounds are the biologically active secondary metabolites present in microalgae are act as a strong antioxidant, which neutralizes the ROS before harmful physiological effects in the cell [19, 20]. Value-added products, antioxidant compounds (phenolic and flavonoids) from microalgae for commercialization are still in infancy stage to replace the synthetic phenolic and flavonoid compounds available in the current scenario
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