Abstract
Purpose: To determine some toxic elements in the blood of cigarette and tobacco pipe smokers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study setting was Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh City. Male volunteers, aged 20 - 58 year, whose blood samples were collected, were classified into three groups of cigarette smokers ( N = 30), tobacco pipe smokers ( N = 30) and non-smokers (24). Inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurement was conducted to determine the concentration of toxic metals in the blood samples after microwave acid digestion. Results: The mean concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni) were 0.23 ± 0.30, 26.42 ± 20.08, 19.43 ± 10.00, 8.77 ± 6.98 and 79.57 ± 70.51), respectively, for cigarette smokers; (0.31 ± 0.19, 8.11 ± 8.60, 4.80 ± 3.01, 13.05 ± 3.01 and 9.96 ± 5.00), respectively, for tobacco pipe smokers; and 0.07 ± 0.20, 3.89 ± 5.82, 10.09 ± 2.75, 10.44 ± 5.37 and 1.60 ± 2.77), respectively, non-smokers. Conclusion: The results showed that the blood concentrations of heavy metals in smokers were higher than those in non-smokers. Keywords: Blood, Heavy metals, Smokers, Tobacco pipe smokers, Inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Highlights
Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, lung diseases, and cardiovascular diseases [1,2]
The results showed that the blood concentrations of heavy metals in smokers were higher than those in non-smokers
The present investigation was aimed to assess the concentration of Cd, Pb, As, Hg and Ni in the blood of cigarette smokers and tobacco pipe smokers resident in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry, after microwave acid digestion
Summary
Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, lung diseases, and cardiovascular diseases [1,2]. Numerous studies have been concern on smoking in Saudi Arabia population [3,4] Tobacco and their products contain many organic carcinogens in addition to toxic elements [5]. The present investigation was aimed to assess the concentration of Cd, Pb, As, Hg and Ni in the blood of cigarette smokers and tobacco pipe smokers resident in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry, after microwave acid digestion. High purity water used for diluting samples, blanks and standard was obtained using Water Purification System Type, PURELABE OPTION-Q15 of ELGA Lab Water, British. Validation of the proposed method was performed using ICP-MS for analysis of heavy metals in cigarette, tobacco pipe and non-smoker blood samples. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, and analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel for Windows 2010 and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 16.0
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