Abstract
Abstract Background Interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, while dysregulated persistent production of IL-6 is involved in pathological development of various diseases associated with inflammation. Targeting the IL-6 pathway has led to many innovative treatment approaches. Siltuximab and Tocilizumab are monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-6 and IL-6 receptors respectively and have been FDA-approved for treatment of Castleman disease (Siltuximab), a rare lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by hyperproduction of IL-6 with an unknown prevalence, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Tocilizumab), and both shown potential as treatment for cytokine release syndrome in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. However, the presence of siltuximab can interfere with IL-6 assays, leading to the use of C-reactive protein (CRP) as a surrogate marker to monitor its efficacy. Aim To evaluate potential Siltuximab and Tocilizumab antibody interference on IL-6 measurements in three different IL-6 protein immunoassays. Method: Serum or EDTA plasma sample pools with different IL-6 concentrations ranging from low (2.3 – 11.1 pg/mL, around the reference interval cut-off for each assay) to high (18.5 – 1142 pg/mL), above reference interval cut-off for each assay) were utilized. Various concentrations of Siltuximab or Tocilizumab were spiked into the sample pools (at 10% of total volume) to achieve final concentrations up to 600 µg/mL and up to 300 µg/mL, respectively. Sample spiked with 10% saline were used as no-drug control. Three assays were used to measure IL-6 concentration: Beckman Access IL-6 assay on UniCel DxI 800 (Beckman Coulter), V-PLEX Plus human IL-6 assay on QuickPlex SQ120 (Meso Scale Diagnostics), and a Luminex cytokine panel assay developed in house (R&D systems) with upper reference interval limits of 6.4,1.8 and 5 pg/mL respectively. Results Siltuximab interfered with the measurement of IL-6 for all three assays. A significant interference (> 20% reduction) was observed at even a very low siltuximab concentrations in all three assays (0.05 µg/mL). In the presence of 5 µg/mL or greater Siltuximab, a maximum reduction of 93%, 83%, and 40% was observed for Beckman Access, R&D Luminex assay, and V-PLEX Plus Mesoscale assay, respectively. Tocilizumab did not interfere with the measurement of IL-6 in the three assays when serum was spiked with up to 300 µg/mL of the drug. Conclusion Siltuximab falsely reduce the measured IL-6 concentration on all three immunoassays tested in this study to differing degrees, whereas Tocilizumab does not. Consider the therapeutic range of Siltuximab (84 to 332 µg/mL) for treatment of Castleman disease, and a half-life of 20.6 days, measurement of IL-6 may not be useful in Siltuximab treated patients for an extended time-period.
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