Abstract
Uropathogenic virulence factors have been identified by comparing the prevalence of these among urinary tract isolates and environmental strains. The uropathogenic-specific protein (USP) gene is present on the pathogenicity island (PAI) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and, depending on its two diverse gene types and the sequential patterns of three open reading frame units (orfUs) following it, there is a method to characterize UPEC epidemiologically called PAIusp subtyping. A total of 162 UPEC isolates from Sabah, Malaysia, were tested for the presence of the usp gene and the sequential patterns of three orfUs following it using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, by means of triplex PCR, the prevalence of the usp gene was compared with other two VFs of UPEC, namely alpha hemolysin (α-hly) and cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf-1) genes encoding two toxins. The results showed that the usp gene was found in 78.40% of UPEC isolates, indicating that its prevalence was comparable to that found in a previous study in Japan. The two or three orfUs were also associated with the usp gene in this study. All the PAIusp subtypes observed in Japan were present in this study, while subtype IIa was the most common in both studies. The usp gene was observed in a higher percentage of isolates when compared with α-hly and cnf-1 genes. The findings in Japan and Sabah, East Malaysia, were similar, indicating that PAIusp subtyping is applicable to the characterization of UPEC strains epidemiologically elsewhere in the world.
Highlights
Uropathogenic virulence factors have been identified by comparing the prevalence of these among urinary tract isolates and environmental strains
The positive control for this study were the isolates carrying the usp gene which was confirmed by DNA sequencing and the nucleotides sequence was aligned with the reference sequence from NCBI website
A previous study by Kanamaru et al showed that Urinary tract infections (UTIs) isolates were highly positive for usp and that out of 332 usp-positive strains, 324 (97.6%) could be classified into PAIusp subtypes Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb
Summary
Uropathogenic virulence factors have been identified by comparing the prevalence of these among urinary tract isolates and environmental strains. The uropathogenic-specific protein (USP) gene is present on the pathogenicity island (PAI) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and, depending on its two diverse gene types and the sequential patterns of three open reading frame units (orfUs) following it, there is a method to characterize UPEC epidemiologically called PAIusp subtyping. Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium causing complicated as well as uncomplicated UTIs. Uropathogenic virulence factors (VFs) have been identified by comparing the prevalence among urinary tract isolates with that of environmental strains. The understanding of uropathogenic VFs, their attributes that cause UTIs, and the horizontal transfer of VF genes among the related species as pathogenicity islands, was achieved through molecular epidemiological studies. The information provided the understanding that virulence genes are the potential molecular markers for epidemiological studies [2]
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