Evaluation of Nutritional Interventions in Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the structured dietary intervention in reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and improving associated metabolic health indicators. We included 530 participants randomly assigned to an intervention group with a Mediterranean-style diet and a control group with generic dietary guidelines. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was the primary outcome, whereas changes in fasting plasma glucose, lipid profiles, and body composition were the secondary outcomes. After 24 months, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was significantly lower among participants in the intervention group than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels were decreased (P < 0.05), and high-density lipoprotein levels were increased among participants in the intervention group than in those in the control group (P < 0.05). Also, body weight, blood pressure, and body mass index, major negative predictors of fasting glucose levels, were significantly decreased in participants in the intervention group than in those in the control group (P < 0.05), irrespective of other covariates. Dietary intervention substantially reduced the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and improved glycemic control, lipid profiles, and overall metabolic health.