Abstract
Single-cell proteins are attracting growing attention as viable alternatives for fishmeal (FM) in aquatic feed. Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal FeedKind® (FK) is a type of single cell protein with high protein content (75.14%) and desirable amino acids profile, produced by Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) living on methane consumption. The present study evaluated the potential of replacing FM with FK in the diet of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). Five iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets were designed with FK replacing 0, 4.13, 8.27, 16.53, and 24.80% FM protein in the basal diet (40% FM content), respectively. All the diets were fed to three replicates of fish (initial weight 6.56 ± 0.02 g) for 70 days. After the feeding trial, replacing dietary 8.27% FM protein with FK significantly improved the weight gain and specific growth rate of fish (P < 0.05), while other groups showed no significant difference in the growth performance (P > 0.05). The fish fed diets with 8.27 and 16.53% replacement levels exhibited significantly increased feeding rates. The 8.27% FK diet significantly increased the whole-body and muscle crude protein contents, apparent digestibility of crude lipid, foregut, and midgut amylase activities. The microvillus density in the midgut of fish fed the 24.80% FK diet significantly increased. The diet with 8.27% FK increased the serum triglyceride content of the fish, while the 24.80% FK diet reduced the serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents of the fish. In conclusion, the results indicated that replacing dietary FM protein with up to 24.80% FK had no adverse effects on the growth of black sea bream, whilst replacing 8.27% FM protein with FK enhanced its growth performance and feed utilization.
Highlights
Meals obtained from animal products such as fish, cattle, and poultry are readily available and provide a variety of nutritional profiles for farmed aquatic animals
Many studies with bacterial proteins (BP) have been conducted on white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) (Tlusty et al, 2017; Hamidoghli et al, 2019; Alloul et al, 2021), Florida pompano (Trachionotus carolinus) (Rhodes et al, 2015), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Maulu et al, 2021), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Storebakken et al, 2004; Berge et al, 2005; Aas et al, 2006a; Romarheim et al, 2011), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Perera et al, 1995b; Aas et al, 2006b; Øverland et al, 2006; Hardy et al, 2018), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) (Aas et al, 2007), Japanese yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) (Biswas et al, 2020), and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Adeoye et al, 2021)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of using FeedKind R (FK) as an alternative for fish meal (FM) in the diet of black sea bream based on the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive enzymes activities, intestinal and hepatic histology, and serum biochemical and antioxidative/oxidative parameters
Summary
Meals obtained from animal products such as fish, cattle, and poultry are readily available and provide a variety of nutritional profiles for farmed aquatic animals. Marine proteins, such as those derived from fish, shrimp, and squid, have superior nutritional values, but their production has raised ecological and economic concerns, especially fish meal (FM) (Olsen and Hasan, 2012; Gamboa-Delgado and Márquez-Reyes, 2018; Kim et al, 2019). In addition to high protein content (60–82%, dry matter), SCPs contain amino acid profiles similar to FM and provide fatty acids, nucleic acids, vitamins, and minerals that can support the growth and normal physiological functions of aquatic animals (Matassa et al, 2016; Gamboa-Delgado and MárquezReyes, 2018; Wang et al, 2020a). Based on different feed formulas, they have demonstrated that various BPs could partially or even wholly replace FM or soybean meal (SBM) in the diet without adverse effects on the growth performance or health status of various aquatic species
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