Evaluation of macrobenthic community responses to dredging through a multimetric approach: Effective or apparent recovery?

Abstract

Macrobenthic responses to dredging activities were evaluated in a mesotidal coastal lagoon (Ria Formosa – South Portugal). Four areas (2 dredged and 2 non-dredged) were analysed along different dredging situations (pre-dredging, during dredge 1, during dredge 2 and post-dredging). Beyond the evaluation of sediment descriptors and classical ecological indicators (number of species and abundance), the beta diversity component (partitioned into turnover and nestedness) was used to detect dredging effects on macrobenthic communities, together with a multivariate analysis (both quantitative and qualitative) including the ecological status assessment. Results confirmed the limitations of alpha diversity indicators in detecting dredging effects in naturally stressed systems, given the absence of clear patterns regarding number of species, abundance and equitability among areas and dredging situations. Moreover, post-dredging presented a higher number of species compared to pre-dredging, suggesting a positive disequilibrium induced by these activities. In contrast, partitioned beta diversity analysis revealed higher nestedness values at dredged areas, while turnover clearly prevailed at non-dredged ones. Such results suggest an effective impact of dredging on these communities, namely through the decrease of rarer species after sediment removal. This qualitative analysis, based on presence-absence data (Sorensen dissimilarity), was complemented by multivariate analysis (SIMPER and PERMANOVA) based on quantitative data (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity), highlighting the importance of adopting both approaches to detect dredging impacts on benthic communities. Lower effectiveness was found for M-AMBI index when evaluating benthic Ecological Status, since the apparent absence of organic matter and sediment composition shifts induced by dredging, together with the noticeable high diversity even during dredging situations, strongly limited the analysis. The multimetric approach here proposed can contribute to detect dredging effects on lagoonal benthic communities by disentangling the responses caused by dredging from those resulting from the system natural dynamics.