Abstract
The research aims to evaluate the efficiency of some consolidation materials for tracing paper; hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel-E), zinc oxide nanoparticles and nanocellulose. The consolidated materials were used independently, and as hybrid mixtures to improve their properties. The prepared nanomaterials were examined with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and the materials used to consolidate the tracing paper samples after artificial aging were evaluated. Evaluation methods included investigation of the surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), measurement of mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation), and detection of chemical changes of the treated samples before and after thermal ageing at 80°C and 65% relative humidity by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Based on the results of the examinations, consolidation by the hybrid mixture consisting of hydroxylpropyl cellulose and nanocellulose proved to be successful; giving the best results when this hybrid mixture was applied on tracing paper samples. This mixture was distinguished by its ability to spread easily inside the paper, giving greater strength to the binding, without forming a film on the surface of the paper and causing stiffness or opacity to treated tracing paper. Therefore, this hybrid mixture was used to consolidate an archaeological tracing map at the Egyptian Geographical Society dating back to (1807 AD).
Highlights
The term "tracing paper" is currently used as a general label to designate transparent papers
Transparent papers are subject to biological deterioration because of a main factor related to tracing paper is called mechanical preparation of paper pulp
Biological damage of tracing paper results in spots deforming the paper surface because of the secretion of colored pigments on the paper surface. These spots do not result in the compositional deterioration of paper. There is another type of biological damage that leads to physical changes due to the chemical transfer that occurs as a result of the secretion of enzymes capable of digesting paper cellulose
Summary
The term "tracing paper" is currently used as a general label to designate transparent papers. The resin materials and the added oils contribute during the process of manufacturing of transparent paper to deterioration, when the factors that assist deterioration are present These materials begin to function as fatty carboxylic acids and increase acidity and acidic dissolution. These spots do not result in the compositional deterioration of paper There is another type of biological damage that leads to physical changes due to the chemical transfer that occurs as a result of the secretion of enzymes capable of digesting paper cellulose. This transfer affects the chemical and physical properties of paper, including reduction of mechanical factors [10]. The consolidation processes are key treatments that preserve tracing papers as they increase the survival and sustainability
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