Evaluation of Groundwater Vulnerability in the Upper Kelkit Valley (Northeastern Turkey) Using DRASTIC and AHP-DRASTICLu Models

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate groundwater vulnerability to pollution in the Upper Kelkit Valley (NE Turkey). For this purpose, vulnerability index maps were created using the generic DRASTIC and AHP-DRASTICLu models. The latter model was suggested by adding a parameter to the DRASTIC model and weighting its parameters with the analytical hierarchy process with the GIS technique. The results showed that areas with high and very high vulnerabilities are concentrated around the Kelkit Stream, which flows from east to west in the central part of the study area. In contrast, areas with low and very low vulnerability classes are located in the northern and southern parts of the study area. To validate the model results, a physicochemical characterization of groundwater samples and their corresponding vulnerability index values were statistically compared using the Spearman correlation method. In addition, the single-parameter sensitivity method was applied to analyze the models’ sensitivities. Results revealed a stronger correlation between the vulnerability index values of the AHP-DRASTICLu model (compared to the DRASTIC model) in terms of sulfate (R2 = 0.75) and chloride (R2 = 0.76), while there was a slightly weaker correlation for the electrical conductivity (R2 = 0.65) values of the groundwater samples. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the vadose zone, aquifer media, and land use are the most influential parameters responsible for the highest variation in the vulnerability index. Generally speaking, the results indicated that the AHP-DRASTICLu model performs better than the DRASTIC model for investigating groundwater vulnerability to pollution in the Upper Kelkit Valley.