Evaluation of Composite Burn Index and Land Surface Temperature for Assessing Soil Burn Severity in Mediterranean Fire-Prone Pine Ecosystems

Elena Marcos,Luz Valbuena,Carmen Quintano,Estanislao Luis-Calabuig,Reyes Tárrega,Alfonso Fernández-Manso,Leonor Calvo,Víctor Fernández-García

doi:10.3390/f9080494

Abstract

We analysed the relationship between burn severity indicators, from remote sensing and field observations, and soil properties after a wildfire in a fire-prone Mediterranean ecosystem. Our study area was a large wildfire in a Pinus pinaster forest. Burn severity from remote sensing was identified by studying immediate post-fire Land Surface Temperature (LST). We also evaluated burn severity in the field applying the Composite Burn Index (CBI) in a total of 84 plots (30 m diameter). In each plot we evaluated litter consumption, ash colour and char depth as visual indicators. We collected soil samples and pH, soil organic carbon, dry aggregate size distribution (MWD), aggregate stability and water repellency were analysed. A controlled heating of soil was also carried out in the laboratory, with soil from the control plots, to compare with the changes produced in soils affected by different severity levels in the field. Our results shown that changes in soil properties affected by wildfire were only observed in soil aggregation in the high severity situation. The laboratory-controlled heating showed that temperatures of about 300 °C result in a significant reduction in soil organic carbon and MWD. Furthermore, soil organic carbon showed a significant decrease when LST values increased. Char depth was the best visual indicator to show changes in soil properties (mainly physical properties) in large fires that occur in Mediterranean pine forests. We conclude that CBI and post-fire LST can be considered good indicators of soil burn severity since both indicate the impact of fire on soil properties.

Highlights

Forest fires represent one of the main disturbances in the Mediterranean forest ecosystem [1], and mainly affect Pinus halepensis Mill and Pinus pinaster Ait forests in Spain [2]
principal component analysis (PCA)(Figure (Figure5)5)joint jointcomparison comparisonofoflaboratory laboratoryburned burnedsoils soilswith withthose those collected at the different levels of severity in the field indicated a clear separation of temperatures along collected at the different levels of severity in the field indicated a clear separation of temperatures
We have found that char depth is the visual indicator more directly correlated with soil organic carbon and all physical properties analysed, reflecting the changes caused by fire

Summary

Introduction

Forest fires represent one of the main disturbances in the Mediterranean forest ecosystem [1], and mainly affect Pinus halepensis Mill and Pinus pinaster Ait forests in Spain [2]. Forests 2018, 9, 494 influenced by fire suppression policies [3]. These factors generate a more favourable environment for the occurrence of large forest fires that produce high degradation of the Mediterranean ecosystems [4]. We will use the term “soil burn severity” to refer to the loss of organic matter in soil or on its surface, as in report NWCG [13], to evaluate the short-term impact of fire on soil [14,15,16,17]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion