Abstract
Diabetes is known to cause cognitive impairments and synaptic dysfunction. This study investigates the effects of Emblica officinalis (EO), Clitoria ternatea (CT), Vitamin C, and metformin on cognitive function and synaptic density (SYN) in diabetic rats. This work aims to evaluate the impact of various treatments on spatial learning, memory, and SYN in a diabetic rat model. The Morris water maze test was used to assess spatial learning and memory at four time points (Days 1, 3, 14, and 21). SYN was measured using optical density to assess SYN expression. Eight experimental groups were included: Non-diabetic Control, Diabetic Control, Diabetic + EO, Diabetic + CT, Diabetic + Vitamin C, Diabetic + Metformin, Non-diabetic + EO, and Non-diabetic + CT. On Day 1, the Diabetic Control group exhibited significantly longer latency times, indicating cognitive impairment. Diabetic + EOand Diabetic + CTshowed the most significant improvements in cognitive performance compared to other diabetic groups, while Diabetic + Vitamin C and Diabetic + Metformin were less effective. On Day 3, cognitive performance in the diabetic groups improved, but none reached the level of Non-diabetic controls. On Day 14, EOand CTwere again the most effective in reducing latency times, followed by Metformin. By Day 21, EOand CTshowed significant improvements in cognitive function, with Metformin outperforming Vitamin C. SYN expression was significantly higher in the Non-diabetic + CTand Non-diabetic + EOgroups, and these treatments also enhanced SYN expression in diabetic rats, with Metformin showing the greatest improvement. The results suggest that EOand CToffer significant therapeutic potential for mitigating cognitive deficits and enhancing SYN in diabetic animals. Although metformin also improved cognitive function and SYN, it exhibited the most robust restorative effects. These findings highlight the potential of herbal treatments like EOand CTfor managing cognitive dysfunction in diabetes.
Published Version
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